Working for AITO (the Association of Independent Tour Operators for those who don't know) has some unusual benefits, the most exciting of these is the in depth specialist knowledge that our members can offer. In the field of ski holidays, for example, we represent over 30 independent tour operators who deal predominantly in ski packages and winter sports - that's a lot of knowledge that I have ready access to.
And from dipping into this resource, I've been able to compile a concise list of ten ski resorts that 10 of our members endorse on their websites. The immense combined expertise these ski operators boast means that I, despite not being a huge winter sports buff, feel confident to take their word and promote these as AITO's favourites.
So here are AITO's top ski resorts. Narrowing the list down to the 10 best ski resorts was a real challenge, given that AITO members offer over 175 between them!
1 St Anton - Austria:
Skiworld recommend St Anton as one of the best ski resorts in the world, and their endorsement seems to be matched by the World Alpine Skiing Championship organisers, who gave the resort the honour of hosting the event in 2001. The peaceful village nearby is a stark contrast to the buzzing internationally renowned ski slopes, but the two seem to fit together perfectly despite their obviously different feels. As the resort attracts ski enthusiasts from all over the world, there is a real cosmopolitan feel to the resort, although English remains the dominating language on the slopes.
Off of the slopes, St Anton's main street provides plenty of distractions, giving shoppers opportunity to search for jewellery, music, antiques, clothing and local crafts. The latter are worth a special mention, as traditional woodcarvings from the region are exported all over the world.
But what of the slopes themselves? Well, they're not for beginners, that's for sure. It's been said that in St. Anton, a blue run is a red, while a red is a black - they're pitched at experts and ambitious intermediate level skiers, but those that have the ability are sure to find the slopes endlessly rewarding. The only downside to it is that unless there's been a fresh snow-fall, conditions are sometimes less than perfect, because of the south-facing aspect. That said, if you're in luck with the snow-fall, then you're guaranteed to have one of the best European ski holidays of your life.
2 Courchevel - France:
No list could be complete without mentioning Courchevel - with its stunning reputation, the only downside is the premium price point often bandied around by ski operators when dealing with this most exclusive resort. Regarded as many as the best ski resort in the world, Courchevel offers some of the best ski holidays in Europe - albeit at a high price! One of the best things about the region is that the 600 kilometres of pistes offer a challenge for all abilities - beginners need not leave their comfort zone on the ample green pistes, while those of intermediate ability can ski a challenging selection of red and blue runs. Those feeling particularly daring can head straight for the secret powder stashes that await experts on the black runs - some of the steepest in Europe.
The resort itself lives up to its exclusive reputation with some of the most exciting and expensive nightlife on the European ski holiday circuit. Courchevel 1850 attracts some of Paris' top cabaret acts and DJs as well as a variety of other entertainments from places to be pampered to bowling and a cinema. The more traditional village centres of Courchevel 1300 and 1550 have a lower key atmosphere with a selection of lively pubs and traditional mountain cuisine.
3 Aspen & Snowmass - USA:
There are 4 mountains in this region, offering a skier over 5,000 acres of skiable terrain and 341 trails allowing everyone from beginners to experts to find an exciting variety of routes on their holiday. This is one of Colorado's most attractive resorts, and the fact that all the four mountains are covered by the same lift pass means that this ski resort can offer excellent variety - especially if you are experienced enough to take on some of the more challenging runs in Aspen Mountain and Highlands, with their exciting mix of tree runs, gullies and chutes. Beginners and intermediate level skiers are well served as well though, with a large selection of wide cruisers at Buttermilk and Snowmass.
The town was originally defined by its mining trade, but with the ski traffic it has developed into one of the finest ski communities in North America. There are 100 bars and restaurants competing for your attention and an eclectic selection of boutiques and galleries to explore while you take time off the slopes.
4 Verbier - Switzerland:
One common complaint that people used to have with this famous ski resort was its long queues and poorly planned lift transport. Nowadays, things have improved considerably and the reputation of the resort should improve alongside. Verbier is still considered one of Europe's top ski resorts, and manages to attract skiers from all over the world every year - courtesy of its excellent skiing opportunities for experts and a legendary nightlife. There are over 410 kilometers of pistes and it has an excellent snow record.
The downside to the excellent ski opportunities offered to experienced skiers is that it offers little in the way of entertaining runs for beginners, with just a handful of blue runs at Bruson. And while there is a variety of off-piste entertainment available including a sports centre, swimming pool and skating rink, beginners are still better served looking at other ski holidays in Europe or further afield..
5 La Rosière - France:
This child-friendly ski resort offers a range of slopes for skiers of all abilities, as well as options for non-skiers. This accompanied by the ski school meeting point (a development with catered chalets, bars, restaurants, shops and a bowling alley) and an excellent snow record ensure that La Rosière is a great choice for keen skiers.
The ski runs are divided as follows: 6 green ski runs, 23 blue, 32 red and 12 black runs for the experts. All of these take in the imposing vision of Mont Blanc, and you can even see the Matterhorn and Monte Rosa in the distance, making for some excellent photos and memories that will ensure you come back time and time again when looking for a European ski holiday.
6 Les Arcs - France:
With its breathtaking views of the French, Swiss and Italian Alps, an excellent snow record and ski slopes for those of all abilities, it's no wonder that Les Arcs has quickly established a world class reputation amongst ski aficionados. Although the resort is well served with ski runs for beginners, intermediates and advanced skiers, the highlight here is the off piste options. One of only two European stops on the world freeride circuit, the terrain is steep, amazingly varied and long and a must for skiers who have the ability to enjoy it!
The resort is one of only 40 in France to have earned the "Famille Plus" badge. The accolade is awarded only to those who offer outstanding childcare and family services, so those with children can be sure of safe and welcoming surroundings on their ski holiday in Europe.
7 Val d'Isère - France:
Describing the 'typical' visitor to Val d'Isère is a near impossible task, which says a great deal about its universal appeal. You get everyone from dedicated ski enthusiasts, to off-piste lovers to families and 'ladies who lunch'. The majority of the skiing is above 2300 metres and the snow record is, unsurprisingly, excellent.
The choice available is the biggest problem facing visitors to this top ski resort. Visitors have the difficult decision of whether to stick to the ample ski opportunities on the doorstep of the accommodation, or take the trip to the top of Grand Motte - at over 3600 metres high, the view is simply outstanding and well worth the trip.
Once the skiing is done, there are plenty of ways of entertaining yourself. There's live music at the Folie Douce, while there is a wide selection of bars, pubs and clubs in the town. Those who are looking for something more low key will perhaps be more interested in the pampering body treatments or shopping options however.
8 Klosters - Switzerland:
Arguably the most charming and aesthetically pleasing ski resort in this list is Klosters. Located in the Prattigau valley, the village offers charm and history at every turn. The chalets are a traditional timber fare adding to the idyllic atmosphere of the place, and it's all part of the experience that you can come off the piste to a cosy chalet to relax.
The experience offered is unique to each skier, with 97 snow runs catering to all abilities. And although the resort has been popularized by Prince Charles' patronage, it is still the kind of resort that offers a unique experience to each skier, giving them much to discuss in their cosy chalet in the evening, over a reviving hot drink.
9 Zermatt - Switzerland:
Nestled in the foot of the imposing Matterhorn, Zermatt is a top ski resort with an image built on exclusivity - the town is littered with gourmet restaurants, luxury hotels and expensive shops.
While this could indicate a reputation not built on the skiing experience, the options available at Zermatt are actually world class - especially for intermediate and advanced skiers. There are 313 kilometres of some of the highest north and west facing slopes in Europe. Expert skiers should be sure to check out the heli-ski trips as well for the experience of a lifetime.
Off the piste, the village is worth a visit - car free (with only electric and solar powered vehicles and horse-drawn sleighs allowed) with a handful of excellent restaurants. For the best restaurants though, the mountain steals the show with 40 dotted throughout the range. Some of them are truly world class and threaten, without ever managing, to overshadow the splendid skiing experience and become the focus of the European ski holiday.
10 Whistler - Canada:
The best ski resort in Canada, and one of the most highly rated in North America, Whistler is an outstanding winter sports location. Last year it recorded record levels of snow, with 45 feet adding to the crisp piste! But it's not just the 8100 acres of fabulous skiing which makes Whistler one of the best ski resorts in the world - it has an atmosphere incomparable to others.
Whistler caters for every skier from beginners who barely know how to put skis on, to experts looking for a challenge. There are steeps, deeps, chutes, high alpine bowls, glades, long cruisers and gentle rollers - essentially something for everyone. Around half of the ski runs are aimed at intermediate users, with over a quarter devoted to experts and the rest for beginners. The excitement of some of the tougher intermediate runs and the expert runs provide the perfect incentive for skiers to improve, while the beginner slopes offer the facilities to do so.
But I mentioned the atmosphere didn't I? It's about the off-slope activities as much as the on-slope, and there are spas and shopping opportunities aplenty, with Vancouver nearby if it isn't enough. The Après Ski at Whistler has won numerous awards, however, and visitors will find some wonderful dining experiences - whether you're in the mood for fish, steak, sushi or gourmet cuisine. For those who have the energy, some of the clubs in the region offer the best nightlife on the world ski circuit.
Narrowing it down to just the 10 best ski resorts was always going to be tricky, but if you're a skier who wants to make sure they've seen it all and if you haven't visited all of these, then what are you waiting for?
Why are we thinking about solar power? Because we are tired of paying high and higher prices for our bulging electric and gas bills. Right now is the time to make a change. As we speak the sun is beaming down on your home, it's roof, your yard, concrete and the energy is either absorbed or bounced back into the atmosphere. What a Waste. Now ins the time to consider the benefits of a solar panel electrical system for your home or business. Consider these facts to help you make an intelligent decision.
7 Things To Consider When Buying Solar Panels
Your Electrical Needs
The most important thing to do first is to calculate your prior months usage figures over the last 2 years. This will take in both summer and winter usage. You then need to decide what percentage of your home electrical appliances are you going to power with solar panels. If you decide to power all, then your last two years of your power bills come into play. You must calculate the amount of kilowatts used on an average month over the two year period and also calculate your highest amounts used during peak months during this same period. The peak usage months are the key. You will want to have a solar system that will be able to handle your peak load and then add more power or wattage to your system so it will not be strained and it will have enough power if you add appliances to your home in the future.
If you only want to power certain items of you home that use a lot of power, then you must make a list of the wattage rating supplied for each appliance you plan to put on the solar system. Add up all of the amounts of these appliances and Presto, you have a good idea about the electricity you are consuming monthly with these. Then you figure a little higher output as the full system to power this configuration. Keeping both of these ideas in mind will ensure you will have enough power from whatever solar system you purchase.
2. What is Your Backup Source
If you are planning to use your solar system to completely power your home day and night without using the electrical grid, then you have to install some sort of backup system. On rainy, cloudy days and long nights, you will need good batteries for storing excess power that you generate on bright days. There many different batteries available in this market and they come in all different sizes, ratings and life spans. Check with the solar companies to get their recommendations for your type of system. This is very important.
Types of Panels and Mounting Systems
The most important of all is to buy from a known national company that is sanctioned here in the U>S> that the government sponsors. Check on it's financial strength. You want this company to be around to backup its warranty claims. The first type of solar panel that is used is the PV or mono-crystalline panel. These have the best or higher efficiency ratings at the moment and are ideal if you have a limited roof or yard area to work with.Thin film or amorphous silicom panels have a better look to them and are good on larger, more visible roof areas.
Mounting Systems
Whether your system is ground mounted or roof mounted, be sure
To check that all of the mounts, brackets, arms, holders, posts, screws, etc. are either stainless steel or aluminum so that weathering will not be a problem. You want as heavier a guage of
Mounting hardware as practical for locations and weight. See a
Spec sheet and compare the different brands to find this out.
Location, Location
The main goal of solar panes is to have the maximum amount of light exposure for the longest part of the day. Roof top mounted panel locations must be studied carefully to help find the optimum position. A solar specialist can help.
Warranties
This is again associated to a reputable and recognized manufacturer. It is typical for a warranty to be good for 20 to 25 years. Always ask a dealer for a copy of the manufacturers warranty policy. Find out who is actually providing the warranty and who will take care of any problems that arise.
Rebates or Tax Credits
The government offers huge tax incentives for those people who prefer to use solar energy, including thousands of dollars in tax credits and other discounts. States also have some type of incentives and these vary from state to state.
In conclusion, solar panels offer many benefits to us as homeowners and also to the environment especially. Because of the cost of these systems, both the financial and the green benefits need to be considered when making this decision.
Your Goal Is To Reap The Benefits That Solar Power Has To Offer!
Your Goal Is To Reap The Benefits That Solar Power Has To Offer!
How To Build A Solar Panel - Part 9
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If anyone out there wasn’t listening, or paying attention to the recent election, or the to the new administration talk about the importance of green technology and green job growth then I present to you a question about going green…
If green’s so great, then why are we just now beginning to pay attention? Our nation’s leaders are speaking of the future in regard to technology that exists today, and has been around now for decades. Has the technology that can make us a truly green nation, an international leader in conservation, and reduce and eliminate our needs for foreign energy resources been buried in an Area 51-like, government compound? And now the president is authorizing its release into society? Have the industry entrepreneurs been reluctant to tell anyone about their products and services until now for some reason? Why haven’t we heard more from our leaders and actually begin this process of going green before? If green’s so great… Where is it? What is it? What does it take to build energy efficiently and go Green?
Green Building Products
The world of green construction products has been around far longer than most people might think, and the number of products available has grown in the past several years. Finally, there are builders and real estate professionals that are beginning to take note and learn about, and implement these green, energy efficient products. What does this mean for the average consumer? More efficient homes and businesses are becoming more popular. As the products become more popular, more, new products are becoming available and competition to create better, more efficient products at better prices is becoming fiercer. The movement is on. For the purpose of this report, I am focusing on the products that make our homes and businesses more energy efficient. Some of these products include:
Structural Insulated Panels (SIPs)
Spray Foam Insulation
Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)
Solar Energy – Photovoltaics (PV)
Wind
Geothermal
These products can be used together to create some of the most efficient homes on the planet. If you’re building, your primary concern should be to create the tightest building envelope, or shell possible, with the greatest draft protection (lowest air infiltration rates), and the highest R-Values. This can be accomplished by using SIPs, Spray foam, and/or ICFs. With the first step making your building efficient, the next step is to give your property the ability to create its own energy using proven technology including solar, wind and geothermal technology.
Structural Insulated Panels
Structural Insulated Panels are a structural product used primarily in the construction of the building envelope, including floors, walls and roofs, though they can be used for curtain walls for added insulation where desired and for sound control. They consist of 2 outer skins of oriented strand board (OSB) for structural stability, and a center layer of rigid foam insulation material. Several types of foams are available and offer different characteristics, including varying R-Values per inch, vapor barrier, pest control, and fire protection.
The most common type of insulation used is Expanded Polystyrene (EPS). It’s most common because it provides great protection from the elements, at the lowest cost versus other insulation types. The down-sides of this type of foam include the lowest R-Value per inch, meaning if you want to get the highest R-Value from these panels, they are going to be much thicker than you’d get with other foam types. One thing in particular about this foam that I do not like is the fact that the foam melts faster than a marshmallow. Granted there is protection from fire by the interior gypsum board, as is required by building codes, it’s just not enough for me to feel comfortable using.
Another foam material used is high-density isocyanurate insulation, which is an advanced urethane formula. This foam is denser, gives you a better R-Value per inch and offers great fire protection. Panels with this foam formulation are offered for sale by only a few manufacturers in the country, as it costs more to make these panels, and they are more expensive for consumers. You get what you pay for with insulated panels, as you do with everything else. These panels are superior in every way to a typical EPS cored SIP.
SIPs were invented over 40 years ago, and have been in limited use since then. With low energy costs and little concern about energy efficiency, consumers, and builders in particular, have not felt the need to introduce this “new” product to their clients, though their clients surely would have appreciated it last winter when oil prices were over $4 per gallon and their inefficient homes chugged through oil like old fashioned locomotives. Some people literally went broke heating their homes last winter, and we are likely to see those prices again sooner or later.
SIP structures are built differently than your typical 2x4, or 2x6 framed projects. With the exception of around windows and doors and the plates, there are no studs in the walls. Panels can be delivered pre cut with all of the wiring chases pre-routed, or the construction crew can perform these tasks on-site. There are pros and cons either way, so each project should be considered on a case by case basis with these decisions made before having the panels shipped. Also, the panels can be delivered in varying sizes, and no shape is impossible to build with SIPS. Dimensions can be as large as 8’ x 24’! The speed that these can go up is remarkable. By the time the walls are up, they are already sheathed and insulated. The way my company builds, the walls are also wired as they’re built. SIP construction has been documented to be 40% faster than typical stick builds, and they wire 2% faster. So while you are going to pay a bit more in the cost of materials, you’ll definitely save money on labor costs.
To give a better idea on the insulation values available, a typical EPS foam panel yields r-Values around 3.75 per inch, while the urethane foam cores can reach R-Values of over 7 per inch. So a 4.5” EPS wall has an 3.5” of foam, and a continuous R-Value of around 13, and the polyiso will be at an R-25. There is an important distinction to be realized here when I mention the continuous R-Value. Walls with 2x4s or 2x6s have the studs placed most commonly at every 16”. There is little to no R-Value in the stud, meaning there is a break in the R-Value at each stud, thereby lowering the overall performance of any insulation material used between the studs. Again, with the SIPs, there are no studs, therefore no thermal breaks, and the stated R-Value is much closer to the actual R-Value of the completed project. The actual R-Value of a completed, studded wall can cut in half the stated R-Value. This is an important distinction to be made with SIPs (and ICFs), over stick built projects. I recommend the polyiso cores as thinner walls with better R-Values are a more attractive option; however, going with EPS is far better than typical construction techniques and building materials.
Spray Foam Insulation
The next best option for a well insulated outer shell is spray foam insulation. To use this type of insulation, builders and contractors can build the way they always have. The only thing they do differently is to call the insulation guy with the more expensive truck and equipment than their old guy. Spray foam is a great alternative to any of the traditional insulation materials like fiberglass batts or loose-fill, cellulose insulation products. I still prefer SIPs, and the reason I always give for my preference of SIPs over Spray Foam alone is the studding within the walls of a typical, stick-built structure, as I mentioned. It only makes sense. Aside from that, the construction process takes longer the old-fashioned way.
As with the foam in SIPs, you can get spray foam in several different forms as well. The main difference in the two types refers to the cellular make-up of the foam. There are open cell and closed cell formulas that again give you different R-Values per inch of insulation. As with SIPs also, the greater the R-Value per inch, the more expensive the product. The why’s and where’s of using foam can be determined on a case by case basis, depending on the ultimate R-Value goal, or by building code. By using denser foam you can, again, get better R-Values in thinner areas, whether it is in walls, floors, or attics. In the past, I have used SIPs for the walls and foam in the attic and basement.
Spray foam is sold in varying quantities from a hand-held can, to 50 gallon drums. There is foam for almost every job. Palm-sized foam products are great for sealing cracks or holes for pipes or duct plenums. Remember that the key to an efficient building is the tightness of the shell, and even small voids can impact the overall R-Value of that shell. If you need to do a larger area, it is pretty common to find do-it-yourself foam kits with typical yields of around 600 board feet or less. You’ll most commonly find closed-cell urethane foams in this quantity. These kits are expensive, costing upwards of $1.25 per board foot. Keep in mind that if the job is big enough, you may be able to get a professional contractor to do it for less.
Insulating Concrete Forms (ICFs)
Here’s another great way to maximize the efficiency of a structure, while maximizing the strength and durability at the same time. According to the ICFA (Insulating Concrete Form Association), you can build a home with concrete, for a price that, “is comparable to that of an ordinary 2x6 wood-framed house.” And I would agree with them when they go on to say, “But you get so much more home for your money.” What’s not to like? Your building has built-in fire protection, and can stand tall against Mother Nature.
An ICF is not your typical concrete form. The forms themselves are made of lightweight, EPS insulating foam, which is left in place after the concrete is cured. Compare that to a typical concrete form that’s extremely heavy and difficult to carry. The average concrete form must be put in place, poured into, left for days, then removed, carried and placed back on the truck. So now, you’ll need to figure out a way to insulate the concrete, if you so desire, and you’ll have to build the house on top of the foundation. With the ICFs, you can drop the forms into place, prep the rebar, pour and you’re done. Of course you could opt for a truss roof and spray foam it, or you could even mount a SIP roof onto the building. There are so many possibilities and options to choose from today, it boggles me that anyone is still using old-fashioned building materials and techniques.
Solar Energy (PV & Solar Thermal)
There aren’t many people left out there that have not heard of solar power, or what we can do with it. Just to cover the basics… solar panels are used to absorb the sun’s energy and then convert the sun’s energy into electricity. The power generated can be used to run a certain portion of the electrical system, or partially to completely offsetting the building’s electrical demand. And to make it more appealing, there’s always the thought of creating enough electricity where you’re making more power than you’re using, and then instead of getting a bill from the electric company, they’re sending you a check. The thought of sticking it to the utility like that sounds great doesn’t it!
Another option with solar, is called Solar Thermal. This is where solar power is used generate hot water. The hot water can be used for heating applications, and most commonly, the hot water used for showers and dishes, etc. When going solar, this is the most cost effective route, as systems typically run in the neighborhood of $10,000 installed. The payback on this system is faster than for a standard Photovoltaic (PV) system, and typically a solar hot water system will generate 100% of your hot water needs in the summer months (due to increased periods of sun) and usually 50% in winter months.
There are a great number of solar manufacturers and entrepreneurs out there trying to develop the latest and greatest solar technology, and bring it to the market first. Who can blame them? Solar will be a huge part of our energy independence solution, which means there are fortunes to be made. I believe we are a few great breakthroughs short of everyday consideration for residential applications because, after all, there is a problem with solar power. This problem has delayed the spread of solar into mainstream construction models. That problem is cost. For solar panels to be installed today, the average project runs between $8 and $12 per installed Watt, and can vary based on a number of things including panel location, mounting type, shade issues, etc.
Another misnomer with solar is their placement. There are many people that assume the panels are always placed on the roof. This is not the case. Keeping in mind that solar panels must face true south, there aren’t too many rooftops that are ideal for accommodating solar panels. Besides that, most rooftops are not large enough to accommodate enough panels for a worthwhile system. Most often, a roof-mount system is the solar hot water system, as only enough room is needed to accommodate two panels, and often the panels consist of evacuated tubes which can be turned and adjusted to accommodate some variance in the actual true-south positioning.
But there are grants and rebates, you say? Sure, and no one can knock the incentives, but consumers still have to pay for the system entirely up front, and then wait for the rebates and tax breaks to roll in. For first time home buyers, adjustments have been made where they can cash in on the first-time home buyer rebate at closing, rather than wait until the end of the tax year. It would be great to see this structure for renewable and efficiencies.
For a better estimation of what a system may cost for your home or business, and a great look at your property and positioning information, go to the Solar Energy Industries Association tools & Calculators page (http://www.findsolar.com/Content/SolarTools.aspx). I’ve found this to be a great resource when talking to prospects in the initial discussions of installing solar systems. They can give you a good idea of the incentives that would be available to you also. If you’d prefer to look at all of the incentives in a database, you can visit, DSIRE (Database of State Incentives for Renewables & Efficiency) at www.dsireusa.org. Deciphering the information can be a bit of a challenge, so for a accurate breakdown, and actual cost analysis, I’d recommend you speak with a local, experienced, solar professional installer, or retailer.
Wind
Wind? Did someone say turbine? That’s right! What were considered an eyesore in the past, are now being considered by many, a welcomed compliment to the skyline. They are also a great compliment to a solar array, in that, if the sun isn’t shining, it’s likely to be windy. Wind turbines are capable and extremely effective at creating power and transferring that power to homes and businesses, as with solar panels. In fact, between 2005 and 2008, the use of wind in the US has doubled. The rate at which wind farms are created is growing, and the number of turbines installed for individual homes and businesses is increasing as well.
It makes perfect sense to harness the power of the wind. It’s free, and there’s not likely to be a shortage of zephyrs, gusts, or breezes any time soon. The same goes for solar. It’s the main talking point for energy geeks… Harness all the free power we can, and we’re that much closer to energy independence.
The fact is, wind is becoming so popular that there are many that are opting for wind instead of solar. The technology is progressing rapidly, and many of the issues facing wind in the past are beginning to loosen. These issues include cost, sure. They also include height restrictions and local zoning bylaws in so many towns and cities, whereby people are not allowed to build anything taller than 30-35 feet. Many wind turbines are 30 feet or taller than any potential obstruction within 100’. That could be well over 100’. Without getting too involved, suffice it to say that there have been challenges at the local level with the construction of windmills.
Installers are more able to complete installs, after setting precedents. Once a turbine is installed, there is then a step by step process in place to complete the installation of another, and so on. Another way installers are able to get around installation issues, is by using different wind-collecting technologies. Many wind turbines have been designed to work at lower elevations with lower wind speeds, thereby avoiding any zoning infractions.
Geothermal – Geoexchange
In the last few years, as I have worked with people in construction, renovations and renewables, the least-known technology that I’ve introduced to people is geothermal. It’s surprising to me that there are so many people out there that still have not heard of it. This is most frustrating when talking to people building new buildings. The fact is, when you’re building, and you have to put a heating system in, and possibly central air, you should put in a geothermal system. The benefits of geothermal heating and cooling greatly outweigh the added up-front expense. Consider the long-term savings of never having to purchase a petroleum product. Whether petroleum prices skyrocket as they have in the past, or stay where they are, the payback of the added expense can be 3-4 years, or less. Why wouldn’t you do it?
The heat pumps run on electricity. This is not to say that you’re heating with electric heat, not even close. The heat pumps today are very efficient machines that are typically Energy Star rated for their electrical consumption. The only time you’re burning any electricity is when the pump is running, which will be most, on the coldest winter days. This is also when you’d be burning the most oil or gas. And there’s no need to play with the thermostat like people do when trying to save oil… The pumps run efficiently and cost-effectively enough where you can leave the thermostat within a 2 degree range for the year and still come out way ahead, and be plugging the savings away toward the system payback.
You can live comfortably warm, or cool, with absolutely no fear of huge heating or cooling bills!! In fact, a well insulated 2000 square foot home can be heated for as low as$250 per winter season, and less than $750 in heating, cooling and Hot Water costs for the entire year... add a renewable energy system, and it could be less, even $0.00! Thus the possibility of Zero Energy Homes and commercial properties.
To put actual, real-life numbers on the potential energy cost savings with a geothermal system, following is a list of well insulated homes in the state of New Hampshire with standing column geothermal systems, independently monitored by Public Service of New Hampshire (PSNH) from 2005 - 2006. The costs listed are for heating, cooling and hot water at $0.102/kWh (HEATSMART Rate).
2,048 square foot home - $849 2,400 square foot home - $635 2,880 square foot home - $717 3,126 square foot home - $674 3,797 square foot home - $1,060 4,914 square foot home - $1,303 8,066 square foot home - $3,033 26,000 square foot home - $9,940
Geo systems typically start between $20 & $30,000 installed, but can be considerably higher depending on the size and complexity of the install and existing equipment that may need to be replaced.
As scary as that may sound, consider the savings. How many gallons of oil do you buy at how much per gallon?? Operating costs for Oil Systems, too, are expensive: typically about 3x the cost of Geothermal. Geo systems absolutely do pay for themselves over time... typically in 7-12 years. As petroleum prices rise, that payback period shrinks. In fact, the savings of not buying oil are often greater than what the loan payments would be to buy a system.
There are many different ways of approaching a geothermal system install, and there are many websites out there that will give you all of the science behind each approach. Systems usually fall into an open loop, closed loop, or earth loop category. Depending on site-related and budgetary factors, there usually is a best approach for each individual install. You can find a list of certified installers and designers through the International Ground Source Heat Pump Association (IGSHPA) website located at www.igshpa.okstate.edu, under their business directory. IGSHPA is also a great place for some of the scientific information, and incentives mentioned. DSIRE will also cover incentives for geo systems.
With a geothermal system and ductwork, you can have a heating and central air conditioning system all with one system. There is no need for outdoor ac units, as the heat pump can run itself in reverse in summer months and supply your cooled air. It’s brilliant. If you factor the additional central air equipment you’re saving on, the payback is even faster. If you prefer, you can also use geothermal heat pumps with radiant flooring systems. They call this tie-in the perfect marriage for a heat-pump. The reason there is less of this is due to the added cost of the radiant system. With the two combined systems, there is a significant added expense, but if you enjoy and can afford the radiant, it would be worth it.
Zero Energy
The ultimate level of success in building an energy efficient structure is to obtain the level of zero net energy construction. What could be more ‘green living’ than residing in a home that produces as much energy as it consumes? This is the ideal scenario for the long term viability of our planet’s health. I don’t know if we’ll ever be in a place where someday most, if not all new homes and businesses are required to meet this standard. If we were to get there, we could then turn our attention to existing structures and begin a worldwide redevelopment of our older buildings. Think of the costs, sure… but what about the payback? The payback would be exponential related to the costs. Granted this is not an overnight process, but I believe we are finally heading in the right direction. Even to those that haven’t bought into global warming, it has to make sense that sooner or later, our planet’s energy reserves are going to be depleted. It may not be for a hundred years or more, but if we do not start on the resolution today, our prolonged existence here is as good as over.
So what does it take to create zero energy? The first thing that comes to mind is that any petroleum fired heating system is immediately out. There is no way for your home to create gas or oil, unless you have an oil rig in the back yard, or best-case, a natural gas line being fed into the building. In the case of the oil rig… good luck getting through the zoning board with that one, and as far as the natural gas line… it is still being fed into the house from a supply that will likely someday diminish. And the only way to offset this cost would to be to install enough solar panels, or turbines on or around the building that enough power was created to cover the electric bill, and then have the utility cut you a check large enough to offset the gas bill. Good luck with that one, too.
The other problem with these petroleum products is that they are burned to create heat. What is the result of burning something? Smoke, carbon emissions, and further pollution of our atmosphere. With a geothermal system that burns electricity, there is no exhaust, no emissions, and no waste. No chimney required. Put those savings toward the payback period and voila, we’re closer to breaking even now. Don’t forget the carbon monoxide alarms… you won’t need those either. Even the excess heat that the heat pumps’ compressors generate can be transferred to a hot water tank to supplement the generation of hot water. This can save the average home 30% on their hot water heating bill. Did you say, ‘Payback’?
To me, the way to do it is to start with some smart design, if we’re talking new construction, in order to take advantage of solar gains, and wind issues, or whatever opportunities the site offers. For the construction of the property, it needs to be built as efficiently as possible, using one of a combination of energy saving materials, like the ones listed earlier. The more energy our buildings can save, the less they will be expected and required to create. Then, follow design with the implementation of a geothermal system, including ductwork for heating and air conditioning. The next components, of course, add the solar and/or wind system to offset the electrical usage of the structure, including the heat pump/s. And the final phase of a zero energy home, is an energy conscious property owner.
What’s the Hold-up?
In regard to saving energy, producing energy, and renewable energy, the products available today are what we need to start meeting the call of the next generation, worldwide. It’s going to take more than one energy bill to change the energy-addicted world we’re in. It’s going to take the masses heeding the call and doing their part, one person at a time. It has begun with individuals and now it’s ongoing into communities, districts, states and so on. The movement towards a green planet starts with the actions of a few educating a few more and continuing the trend.
The trend can continue only with more individuals taking action and becoming educated. The most important initial action is to become educated. Educated individuals can effectively spread their knowledge to others, and then, watch the earth become a greener place… We need to ask questions, and share our knowledge. We all need to come together as individuals, to take action to make green living the norm.
There are many who doubt, or even fear the changes to come, but these changes are part of an evolution, a transformation of an entire planet for the greater good! Without sounding overly dramatic, we need to take the bull by the horns. The alternative is to wait, and do nothing until we are buried in an energy crisis, when any delays in mass-implementation of the technologies available, may be catastrophic. The thought of being able to avoid the worst by doing what’s possible today makes sense.
Mixed Messages Play Their Part
With all of the improvements in products and the available technology, you’d think builders would be seeking out and implementing the best of the best of what’s available. Bull. The fact is, many, if not most builders and contractors have tried to work their way around implementing the new and exciting products. They’ve done this by hyping up and using more efficient versions of the same old technologies. The old fashioned way works for them, as it has for the previous generation. It just ain’t good enough, anymore!
Energy Efficient Windows
My favorite example is with windows. I don’t know how many times I’ve read the real estate listings of builders claiming to offer energy efficient construction because they use Energy Star rated windows. Well whoopedy-doo! Their listing reads something like, “Quality construction with energy efficient windows” or, more deceivingly, “energy efficient construction, Energy Star windows.” And when you call and ask about the other energy saving features, they start talking about the beautiful granite countertops and great kitchen, or how many bathrooms there are.
I’d like for you to go to any place where windows are sold. Ask the sales rep if they sell any windows that are not Energy Star rated windows. Let me know if you find any that aren’t home-made stained glass windows made by the local artisan. So they install these Energy Star windows, and then they build with 2x4s and fiberglass batt insulation that just gets them to the minimum code requirement. Is this an energy efficient home? It is… if you compare it to the homes that were built before the advent of insulation and built with single pane windows. How’s that for mixed messages? If they aren’t using a product from the list of what I’ve presented, or some variation, then they are building an old fashioned, leaky, house with windows built in an average factory.
Fiberglass Batt Insulation
Another common attempt at efficiency is brought to you by builders who opt to build using 2x6 studs for the simple fact that they can then get thicker fiberglass batt into the cavities between the studs. While it is true that they are going from an R-11 in the walls to an R-19, the insulation they are using is still a drafty, weak performing option, and it’s often installed incorrectly. Think about how difficult it must be to get the fiberglass insulation cut to fit around all of the switches and plugs and plumbing that may be inside the exterior walls, never mind cutting it lengthwise into cavities that are a narrower dimension than the batts themselves. Just mash the batts in there. Why not? And what about the really small areas where the framing studs are close, but not quite touching. Often times, these areas are just left void of insulation entirely. Most people don’t even realize the massive impact this can have on the overall R-Value of the walls and the entire structure. If the R-Value batts used are 11, the resulting R-Value could be as low as 5, or 6 (or even lower). That’s not much better than the R-Value of the windows! So some builders attempt to improve on this by just sticking in some thicker insulation. It will get a higher overall R-Value, but you’re not getting your money’s worth here either. If you absolutely insist on using fiberglass, make sure your installer at least brings with him a case of spray foam cans to fill small voids, gaps and cracks, and around any electrical boxes, etc.
Builders Associations For and Against Energy Conservation?
As a member of a national builders association, and my local association, I am bombarded with emails and articles regarding the housing market, and more specifically, new housing. There are typically one or two articles regarding green energy, or some form of conservation. Within the last few months, I’ve had some interesting items come through my email box. One that you’d expect to see from a builders’ association was run by the national association. It was an article which raises the point that real estate professionals, including realtors and real estate appraisers underestimate, and even ignore green features when trying to determine property values and asking prices. From my experience, this could not be truer. But you’ll also need to add banks to that list, as they are directly tied to the coat tails of the realtors and appraisers.
The fact is, some green items within the LEEDs program, don’t add much in terms of value to the home’s value. These items would include things like wood species, low VOC paints, but there are plenty that should be included. Most importantly would be any improvements in the energy savings elements of the property. It only makes sense when we’re talking about banks and tight lending guidelines to give the borrower credit for reducing their future energy costs. The fact is, they are relying on the appraisals provided by appraisers who have been using the same criteria forever. Square footage vs. square footage, and that’s about it. It’s infuriating.
Realtors have begun doing their part in receiving training in green real estate. Of course, there aren’t many realtors who have actually taken the training - about 1,500 as of last year. It’s a start, I guess, but are the rest of the realtors out there asleep? Real estate is their business and yet, they are ignoring the future of the marketplace. According to Don Briggs, owner of Briggs Associates, Inc., who specializes in green appraisals, “90% of people looking for a home have at least some awareness of green.” Buyers will need to do some legwork to find a qualified professional who can help them find, or sell, their green property. As long as we’re going to be waiting for realtors to get on board, appraisers will come after the realtors, which is making this movement towards green and energy efficiency more complicated and drawn out.
To make matters worse for the movement, there are builders, and entire builders associations who are in plain defiance of the movement to make homes and businesses more efficient. You may need to reread that last sentence. It’s true. In the last several months I have received emails from my local builders association urging its builder/contractor members to attend a state house conference in order to fight AGAINST an expansion of the energy code. The new law, since having been passed, allows for different towns to make energy codes more stringent within their own municipalities. They could go through the appropriate channels and require energy conservation control at whatever standard above the current code that they saw appropriate.
One of the arguments they used to fight this new law was that it would be difficult for builders to keep up with the different requirements from town to town, as some towns would require more, or less, than any other town. I can understand how the old-fashioned builder, set on building to the absolute minimum requirements, would be affected by this new law. Really, these are the guys that would be forced into doing the extra legwork. Seems to me, the guys committed to the lowest quality, least efficient construction practices should have to do more to stay in business. Companies like mine have to work too hard to convince people that it’s worth the added cost to build a more efficient building, when they have a quote from the guy who wants to build an old fashioned, inferior quality home for less. At the same time, the banks, appraisers and realtors, are going to encourage the consumer to go with the low bidder, by way of low quality building comps and subpar valuations versus my product. Forgive me if I don’t sympathize with the old-school, stick builders and contractors.
The fact is, the tighter the building’s envelope, the less other items will cost, including the heating and air conditioning system. Less system will be required to heat the same sized home and less energy will be used later to run the heating and cooling systems. As an example, we recently installed a geothermal system for a client who was transferred to our area by his employer. Without really researching who he was hiring, or what kind of home he would be getting, he hired this very experienced builder. I cringed when the homeowner told me that the builder told him that 2x4 construction with fiberglass insulation is still the way to go when building. As a result, he got a drafty house, with a 6 ton heating system. Had he insulated better, he could have gotten away with a 4 ton system that would cost less to run, and would run less, saving money both on the smaller system, and on the amount of energy used to run the system. I hope that makes sense.
For a company like mine, this is not an issue. We build to an energy standard above any set of standards available, including the Energy Star program. The Energy Star program is a good starting point, and if all builders out there could at least meet these requirements, the movement towards efficiency would be well underway. As builders and contractors, we’d be on a much more even playing field, and as consumers at least the low bidding contractor would be held to a higher standard, and the consumers would not have to worry about getting mixed messages from building “professionals”. When builders build with cheaper materials, it means more profit for them, and less money for you every time you receive a utility bill. Energy efficiency is an investment that costs more in the beginning, but it will pay for itself over and over again. I’ll say that as many times as it takes.
The other argument they use is that the added cost of building an energy efficient structure will put the costs of construction out of reach for many consumers. I see this as more malarkey. As consumers we always want more than we can afford. Many say that it’s human nature. Over the past 15 years or so, many of the homes built have been called mcmansions. How many of these homes are now being foreclosed? Too many. People bought these homes, and were allowed to with some shady lending practices, and the people who cannot really afford these homes, are living somewhere else. My point is that people need to be more realistic about what they are buying. When people bought the homes, the last thing on their minds was how much it would cost the heat and/or cool the homes. I can guarantee that these homes were not built to the highest standards. These homes were built by the low-bidder contractors-turned-developers, putting up entire communities of minimally built, overpriced, profit machines.
My point is simply, we should at least be aware of what our buildings will cost to live and work in. The less you pay for the construction upfront, the more you’re going to be paying to over the long term. With the incentives, tax rebates, and energy savings, you’re likely to see savings greater than the increase in mortgage payments, meaning the added investment will pay for itself from day one. If we spend more on the items that can help with long term expenses and actually pay for themselves over time, versus the items that just cost us money; we can afford to live more efficiently. This might be a hard sell for some, but it’s becoming more of a reality and necessity, every day.
About the Author
My name is Dan Welton, and after working the last couple of years in energy efficient construction, solar and geothermal installations, I've realized there is too much information in too many places, and consumers are overloaded with information.
I've created a place where they can learn and interact with pros in green, energy efficient technology. Please visit & join us @ www.energysmartearth.socialgo.com. Thank you!
"Wind Turbine" "VAWT" "Wind Gin" Long Version
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WORKING MODEL OF ABOUT GREEN ENERGY
it is hard to tell you what to do because I do not know the scale you are working with.maybe you could start with a solar battery charger,great for camping.Get some wiring and low volt bulbs from your local hobby shop.If you contact us we can tell what you would need to do your home.thanks tommy http://www.blueviewsolar.com
Tuesday Talks: Building a Clean Energy Economy with Secretary Chu
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I am not sure what you are talking about. The engineers building the solar structures and the wind turbines use 3-D design to test models and to design them. I am not sure what other information you need.
"Vertical Axis Wind Turbine" "Wind Gin" Short Version
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Get Ahead In A Down Economy By Developing A Solar Energy Business
In a struggling economy, like the one we are experiencing now, a lot of people think it's a bad time to start a work from home or home based business. But that's just not true. Not true at all. It is really a great time to start a home-based business - especially one in the solar energy business. Working From Home is Viable with a Solar Energy Business Starting a home based business or a work from home business is one of the best ways to secure your financial future. People all across America free themselves every day from the oppressiveness of the daily 9 to 5 job. There are many ways throughout the renewable energy industry where you can do it too. Fossil fuels and other non-renewable energy sources are running out. Solar power is quickly moving to replace these antiquated energy sources. Green collar jobs and the energy sector are growing faster than ever before. Fossil fuels and the carbon economy are going away. The World will be adopting renewable options very quickly with solar energy sources growing to meet the higher energy demands. What could be better than combining solar energy with work from home business? The short answer is nothing. Alternative energy and all things green are growing at a dizzying pace so too are the options for work from home business builders who want a taste of the solar energy industry. These two fields together make the perfect opportunity for a self-motivated entrepreneur. A self-motivated, entrepreneurial-spirit, with some honest work ethic can establish themselves in the emerging world of solar energy and grow an explosive solar energy business. Entrepreneurs are self-starters who drive America. Solar energy needs these entrepreneurs to help fill the void that will inevitably be left by the failing supplies of fossil fuels. You can build a green business right from your living room. Levering the opportunities presented when the economy is not all that difficult. Small businesses or home-based businesses do exist in the green collar industry and many involve solar energy. And it's possible to do it with minimal up-front costs. A good business shouldn't be a risk. Green energy only makes up 2 percent of the energy market. That means there is a lot of room to grow. With a field that has so much room to grow as renewable energy does, there shouldn't be a requirement for an upfront investment or a fee to become an associate. Companies in the coming months will be dying for help as wind, solar, and many other industries really take off. No pun intended but the future of residential solar energy is very bright. The renewable industry, or the energy market in generally, is huge with large opportunities for new companies to grow to the likes of a new Green Google. There is a huge and growing market for new entrepreneurs to start a fresh with something new. For everyone a little down on their luck in this down economy, there will be ample opportunities to start a small business for energy and solar power will lead the way into the Green Economy. Throughout the rest of 2009 and in the coming years, green jobs like those created by solar energy will continue to grow in number. Fossil fuels are going away and the world will look to alternative, renewable sources to drive their lives. Good entrepreneurs can sense an opportunity. A work from home or home based business in the renewable or solar energy sector is an opportunity. With no investment needed and a future this bright, there is no reason not to invest.
About the Author
At Solargies, our goals are not to just promote the adoption of alternative energy sources and to help people start a solar energy business but it is also my personal quest is to create a powerful, grassroots movement for social, economic and environmental change. Learn more at -- http://www.EcoCrews.com
Google and Renewable Energy-KQED-This Week in Northern CA
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Energy Efficient Windows Make for Great Replacement Windows
Replacement windows are less expensive than replacing the entire window frame. It also does not need as much labor, and it causes less of a mess. You will obtain the advantages of more energy efficient replacement windows without needing to rip out, repair and replace the existing window frames and trim. Replacement windows with Green Home Improvements are easy to install.
Replacement windows are much more insulated, and as technology has grown, the window designs have been updated to a higher level of standard. Replacement windows help keep your air conditioner's heat from escaping during the winter and keeps the home cooler in the summer months. Single pane windows are now a thing of the past. They are not energy efficient, and they are not as versatile as double pane replacement windows that Green Home Improvements offers to all homeowners in south Texas. That's why people wanting to make their homes more cost efficient, energy efficient and more aesthetically pleasing are looking towards replacing windows in their homes. Every replacement window we carry is made up of the finest wood, vinyl or fiberglass. Our replacement windows have low-e glass panes, and sealed argon gas to give your windows a better seal. Whatever specifications you are looking for, you can find in our selection for replacement windows at Green Home Improvements. We want to be your one stop shop for replacement windows in Texas. Replacement windows in Texas from Green Home Improvements come standard with the quality craftsmanship we have become known for from our replacement windows distributors. Our window installation specialists have the experience necessary to make sure that your replacement windows in have been installed correctly. We are motivated and determined to provide the finest replacement window services in Texas.
Green Home Improvement's replacement windows are of a greater quality than that can be found at the local big home improvement stores. These replacement windows are made with thicker glass and better materials all around. Don't settle for lower quality when you can get the best for the same price or a just little more from Green Home Improvements. We offer double-hung and single-hung vinyl windows, vinyl slider windows, geometric-shaped windows, french doors, sliding doors and custom replacement windows. Our vinyl replacement windows are designed for Texas homes and we offer full replacement window installation and door installation services for much of south Texas. Best of all, we stand behind our products and window installation with one of the strongest warranties in the window replacement market. Our replacement window experts can come to your home for a quote on your window replacement needs.
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REDD as a mechanism to combat deforestation and climate change impacts in Darel and Tangir Valleys in Pakistan: A Review
Introduction
Gilgit – Baltistan previously named Northern Areas with an area of 72,496 sq kms is a Federally administered territory sharing borders with China and Afghanistan. The region where three highest mountain ranges (Karakoram, Himalya and Hidukush) converge is known for its spectacular geographical landscape, rocky and rugged mountains, glaciers, snow covered high mountain peaks including K2, Concordia and Nanga Parbat famous for international tourism and mountaineering. River Indus joined by many tributaries draining from inner valleys flow through the entire mountainous tract before entering into Tarbela reservoir in NWFP. Mixed dry temperate coniferous forests with pine, oak, juniper and scrub forests, rich high alpine flora, aromatic medicinal plants, wild ungulate species like Markhor, Ibex, Snow leopard, Brown bear, Blue sheep and Marco-Polo sheep make the region a biodiversity hotspot of immense national and global significance.
Khunjrab National Park north of Gilgit shares its borders with Qaxkargan National Park in China. Fragility of the mountain ecosystem, high altitudinal and climatic variability make Gilgit - Baltistan an excellent place to study the impacts of global climate change. Moreover, ethnic, lingual and cultural diversity of tribal population settled in distinct niches and remote valleys make it a unique geographical entity on planet earth. Its population thinly scattered over six administrative districts of Gilgit, Ghizar, Diamir and Astore in Gilgit Division, Skardu and Ghanche in Baltistan Division has surged to about 1.2 million in 2009 from 8,70,347 in 1998. Only 10 % population live in towns, remaining 90% population live in villages located in remote valleys.
Natural forests, legally classified as "protected" and "private" in Gilgit - Baltistan cover an area of 2,81,600 ha making 4% of the total land area. The private forests are mostly located in Chilas, Darel and Tangir valleys covering an area of 217,088 ha, remaining protected forests are scattered in small pockets in Astore (30,720 ha), 24,576 ha in Gilgit, Punial and Nagar, and 9,216 ha in Baltistan. The Forestry Sector Master Plan (FSMP, 1992) estimates 381,000 ha scrub forests in addition to natural forests which if included make the total forest cover as nine percent. Dry temperate forests comprising of Deodar, Kail, Chalghoza, Fir, Spruce, Oak and six Juniper species with scanty underground vegetation exist in pure and mixed stands adapted to very rugged terrain in remote valleys. Walnut, Birch and Taxus, Acer species have almost vanished from the natural forests due to over-exploitation and excessive grazing.
No land settlement has ever taken place in Darel and Tangir, even after partition in 1947.As such forests are not demarcated on ground, local tribal communities claiming defacto ownership of private and protected forests. During last two decades, these forests forming watersheds of Indus River, performing ecosystem functions and services as well as sustaining local livelihoods have been subject to ruthless deforestation through timber mafia. A recent National Forest and Range Resources Assessment Study (NFRRAS), 2004 conducted through Pakistan Forest Institute, Peshawar using satellite imageries has reported highest rate of -10% deforestation in Gilgit – Baltistan during the period 1997-2002 as compared to other provinces.
Darel and Tangir Valleys
Darel and Tangir valleys contain the contiguous blocks of precious natural forests that are confronted with heavy socio-economic pressures and climate change impacts. The British called Indus River Valley below Chilas and its tributary valleys like Darel and Tangir as "Yagestan" land of the free. Traditional Silk route used by tradesmen of Central Asian countries and Buddhist missionaries during 4th century B.C. passed through Darel. Buddhist art carvings on big rock boulders along roads and remnants of a Bhuddist University still existing in Phuguch village in Darel thus depicting rich historic and archaeological significance of these areas. Most important villages of lower Darel include Gayal, Phuguch, Somigal Bala, Somigal Pain which are not densely forested. However, Upper Darel which comprises the villages of Manikiyala Bala, Manikiyala Pain, Padyal, Yehshoot have comparatively dense forests. Lower Darel does not receive snowfall whereas upper Darel receives heavy snow fall.
Darel and Tangir valleys which acceded to Paksitan in 1952 are very rich in water, pasture and forest resources. Fresh water from snowmelt in permanent snow fields,glaciers and alpine pastures flow through the entire length of these valleys. Most of the villages settled along river with rock terrace agriculture fields are primarily dependent on agro-pastoral farming system as source of livelihood supported by cash income from forests and horticulture crops walnut, cherry, apple, grapes, mulberry and apricots. Cultivation of potatoes and peas has recently picked up as a cash crop. The commissioning of 840 km Karakoram Highway in 1978 and development of valley link roads have opened remote villages to uninterrupted down country marketing networks, thus enhancing their household income, and facilitating easy procurement and transportation of food and other essential commodities from down country. In Tangir, it is fascinating to see a contiguous block of evergreen oak forest well protected by the villagers for green fodder during winter months. It is common to store dry grass and haystack over chopped branches of old trees. During summer (May onwards) tribal communities take their livestock to high pastures in Ko Nallah, Khanbari, Biaree Nallah, Chila Nallah etc and stay there for five months till end of October. Illiterate young boys and girls are mostly responsible for grazing of livestock in pastures.
In the absence of land settlement and boundary demarcation, local people in Darel and Tangir claim defacto ownership of the agriculture and forest lands. In Darel 80 to 90 % people have ownership while in Tangir less than 50 % own private forests. As a thumb rule, the first settlers of this area are "Malikans" or owners of the forest, while those who migrated later on from other areas like Kohistan, Kashmir etc are not right holders. Generally the ethnic groups Shin, Yashkund and Kamin have ownership while in some areas Sayyeds also have ownership. The system of commercial harvesting of private forests in Daril and Tangir started in 1973 under working scheme which is basically a harvesting plan. A committee comprising of one member from each clan normally sells the forest to contractors. An agreement is drawn between the committee and the contractor and endorsed by the Assistant/Deputy Commissioner. The system is not transparent as most of the time the Committee is blamed by the owners of taking commission from the contractor.
In private forests, marking of dry, dead, diseased and mature trees is conducted by the Forest Department under selection-cum-improvement working circle. After marking, the contractor would pay Royalty and Malkiana. Royalty, a type of fee on the extraction of timber from forests is realized from the contractor on converted timber. Once the converted timber reaches to a specified place or depot, the Forest Officials do the measurements to estimate the royalty. The contractor then deposits the estimated amount in DFO's account and subsequently he releases the 50 % community share to Deputy/Assistant Commissioner for distribution to the communities, remaining 50 % is retained by the GBFD. At present. Royalty is Rs 40/cft for deodar, Rs 30/cft for Kail and Rs 19/cft for fir.and spruce. The rules of distributing Royalty is different in different areas. In some areas it is distributed among all the population (male, female and children). Yet in other areas royalty is distributed among male members only. But in most cases it is distributed among all the members of the population. In addtion to royalty owners aslo get malikana. The malikana is fixed when the agreement is drawn between the owners commiittee and contractor. Malikana is determined on the basis of market rates of timber and it changes with the passage of time. Malikana is also paid on converted timber on per cft basis. Currently the average malikana is Rs. 300 to 400/cubic feet for Deodar and it all goes to owners and forest department has nothing to do with it.
Informal discussions with the forest staff,of Chilas and Darel Tangir Forest Divisions at Babusar village on 26 7-2009 revealed that prior to 1988, the commercial exploitation under working schemes progressed well without any significant illegal damages to forests. After 1988 due to sectarian conflict in Gilgit - Baltistan and the subsequent imposition of ban on commercial harvesting of forests, illegal cutting of forests proceeded on a massive scale. Darel and Tangir being purely a Sunni religious sect, taking advantage of the weakness of civil administration and its inability to enforce writ of the government some of the influential community elders as owners of the private forests solicited support of timber contractors operating in whole sale timber market in Dargai Mandi and Swat and resorted to illegal cutting of forests. After massive illegal cutting of private forests in 1988, these unscrupulous contractors using corrupt practices were successful in getting the permission to release 0.3 million cft illegal timber and sell it in the Dargai timber market. This decision paved way and led to an unending process of illegal cutting of the private forests to the extent of 1.0 million cft in 1992, 3.00 million cft in 1998. Presently it is estimated that another 4.0 million illegally cut wood is awaiting decision for disposal.
Massive illegal cutting of forests from fragile upper Indus River catchments and dumping of illegal timber in scattered stacks all along the Karakoram highway from Chilas to Dasu in Indus Kohistan presents a pathetic scene to the incoming and outgoing tourists travelling on this road who are unable to understand the source of these timber supplies in the backdrop of desolated, sun scorched rocky mountains devoid of any vegetation. While the foot-prints of old civilizations that passed through these areas are preserved as art carvings on rocks, the foot prints of modern civilization are visible in the form of ruthless deforestation.
In the present situation, Gilgit- Baltistan Forest Department has become a defacto organization to promote the interests of the timber mafia rather than advance its basic mandate of the sustainable management of forests. The Department has no power or authority to take management decisions based on technical principles. Its territorial staff all the times remain entangled in illegal harvesting practices by the vested interests, all the year round, with no time to spend in the forests contributing towards forest protection, conservation and natural regeneration. All the year round, FD staff remains busy in illegal harvesting practices by the vested interests, and in making inventories of the illegally wood dumped in desolate roadside depots all over the Karakoram highway and hauled all the way down from once dense lush green forests in Thore, Thack, Hudor, Khiner and other valleys. If the Gilgit-Baltistan Forest Department is delegated the authority to manage the private and protected forests in NA, then it would require capacity building and institutional strengthening through induction of additional staff for better management planning and technical decision making.
The prevailing notion that primitive tribal communities in Darel and Tangir are responsible to illegally cut and sell their forests to earn their livelihood is not true. The concept of conservation is not alien to tribal culture. They have been living in these areas since centuries and are quite aware of the importance of natural assets and their vulnerabilities. About 95 % of the communities owning these forests are not involved in the massive deforestation. There appears a trust-deficit between the local communities and the owners. As per customary law and the 1952 accession deed, all forests in Darel and Tangir are the property of the communities and not the government, this needs to be honored in true letter and spirit. Given the existing uncertain situation, and continuous ban on commercial harvesting, the best way of managing these forests is to involve custodian communities in their management. This would require a new legal and regulatory framework that empowers local communities to be at the forefront of decision making process related to all aspects of forest management, protection, conservation, natural regeneration and commercial exploitation. Gilgit Baltistan Forest Department has neither the capacity nor the authority to enforce proper management and governance of the natural forests. Local communities owning these forests have to be made part of the decision making processes
Summary
Private, dry temperate forests in Diamir district in Gilgit – Baltistan as per 1952 Accession Deed are the property of the local communities with technical management assigned to the Forest Department. Prior to 1988, commercial exploitation of these forests under working schemes (a sort of harvesting plan) progressed well without any massive cutting except for local bonafide uses. After 1988, sectarian conflicts in the region weakened law enforcement and governance by the line agencies including Forest Department. This together with the imposition of ban on commercial harvesting induced timber contractors to resort to massive illegal cutting in connivance with few community owners, and then manipulating its release from the Federal Government.
As climate change is unfolding severe impacts on water, agriculture, biodiversity, and the many other factors that provides a basis for people to survive in such climatically vulnerable areas, consolidated efforts are needed at local, regional and global levels to protect total disappearance of remaining forests. The first policy step at national level towards this would be to stop disposal policies of illegal timber issued by the Federal Government that have helped the forest contractors and a minor fraction of community elites to become the key drivers of massive deforestation.
Forests and biodiversity resources in Gilgit Baltistan are important natural assets of national and global significance because of species richness and their strategic location in a very unique geologic setting. This makes these areas as open biological laboratories for not only testing the impact of climate change but apply innovative global financial mechanisms like REDD, PES to generate continuous flow of global benefits and improve the socio-economic conditions of the local communities. As majority of community forest owners (95%) are not benefitting from the massive deforestation which is being pocketed by forest lessees, middlemen and government officials or goes to government exchequer, there is an apparent community readiness in some areas to forgo their demand for commercial exploitation if some compensation mechanisms like PES, REDD are introduced. Other related interventions aiming at reducing the dependence of local communities on forests include: development of alternate energy resources, income generation through skills enhancement, investment on social sectors like education, health, poverty and other local area development initiatives integrated in the overall development plan specific to these areas. However, the promotion of novel financial mechanisms like REDD, PES etc at landscape level would require capacity building of many institutions and stakeholders at the national and local levels.
References
Babar Shahbaz."Dilemmas in Participatory Forest Management in Northern Pakistan, Human Geography Series/Schriftenreihe Humangeographie, Vol.25.2009.
Government of Pakistan and IUCN, 2003. Northern Areas State of Environment and Development. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi.xlvii +301 pp
Iglesias, A., L. Erda, and C. Rosenzweig. 1996. "Climate change in Asia: A review of the vulnerability and adaptation of crop production," Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, Vol. 92, pp. 13-27.
Nasir Jamal. "Peoples' Rights Movement. Dir-Kohistan Forest Royalty issue" Sungi development Foundation, Islambad. 2005 pp 1-71.
Pakistan Forest Institute Peshawar, 2004. "National Forest and Range Resources Assessment Study (NFRRAS), 2004
Government of Pakistan, Ministry of Environment. "Rehabilitation of denuded forest areas through sowing and planting and development of farm forestry/social forestry with community participation in Northern Areas".PSDP Project, 2007.
Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD): An options Assessment Report prepared for the Government of Norway, by Meridian Institute,2009 available at http//www.REDD-OAR.org.
Sharma, Keshav P., Charles J. Vorosmarty, and Berrien Moore III. 2000. "Sensitivity of the Himalayan Hydrology to Land-Use and Climatic Changes," Climatic Change, Vol. 47, No. 1-2, October, pp. 117-139.
Siddiqui, K. M., Iqbal Mohammad, and Mohammad Ayaz. 1999. "Forest ecosystem climate change impact assessment and adaptation strategies for Pakistan," Climate Research, Vol. 12, No. 2-3, pp. 195-203.
Wescoat, Jr, James L. 1991. "Managing the Indus River basin in light of climate change: Four conceptual approaches, Global Environmental Change, Vol. 1, No. 5, December, pp. 381-395.
About the Author
Dr. Bashir Ahmed Wani
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About the Author
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